What struck me with these readings is the lack of consensus shown by the writers with regard to the definition of the word “fascism”, and how easily it is used interchangeably with the word “populism”. Although the general impression of the word shows it to be synonymous with an authoritarian and restrictive regime, which, as stated, refers specifically to certain key countries within the early to mid-20th century, the wider interpretation of the word, and placing it in its correct historical context, are slightly less straightforward.
Finchelstein (2017) in particular lays out in clear terms the distinction between fascism and populism, but the understanding most people in society have regarding these movements is somewhat skewed. It makes me wonder whether people looking at the news today make links between current trends in populism across Europe and the United States and equate them automatically with fascism, as they are used to having a so-called enemy to hate. With the end of the Cold War, people are looking for a new enemy, as befits human nature. Society as a whole, especially in Europe, as stated by Mudde (2021), has been increasingly becoming liberal in mindset. As such, when a minority of people gain populist leanings, many of which trend towards the right end of the political spectrum, the average person may equate the “otherness” of their mindset with the “bad” right-wing regimes of the past.
As the readings show, populism can be left or right, but I would assume that many people do not wish to identify themselves as populist to avoid any negative connotations the word has garnered. However, they would feel comfortable labelling those on the opposite end of the spectrum as such. As fascism and populism, outside of a historical and correctly analysed perspective, are often seen as synonymous, it stands to reason that the term would be erroneously used to label modern populist movements.
Bibliography
Finchelstein, F. (2019). Introduction: Thinking Fascism and Populism in terms of the Past. In From Fascism to Populism in History. essay, University of California Press.
Schapiro, L., & Mudde, C. (1969). Populism in Europe: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism. In Government and opposition (pp. 1–21). essay, London School of Economics.
Hate 2.0 
Hi Laura!
I think you’ve made a good point about fascism and populism being used interchangeably in the public sphere. While the two can be quite similar in certain circumstances, it is incorrect for people to see populism of any sort and call it fascism. In the readings, fascism is described as having any set of beliefs that are thought to advance a group towards its “destiny” while populism requires a host ideology. This gives both great variation, such that a given populist movement and a given fascist movement can be nearly identical or complete opposites.
Hello Laura,
Similarly, I was struck by the lack of consensus on the term ‘fascism.’ I found your connection between hate and the misuse of these terms as a product of habit to be quite insightful. When considering the question do people look at trends in populism and associate it with fascism, I would also agree that it is possible. Not simply because the terms are often difficult to define and can thus be misused, but because of the overlap that occurs in some definitions or characterizations. For example, as can be seen in the works of Finkelstein and Brubaker, both ideologies evoke an ‘us versus them’ narrative, which furthers the central nature of hate in their usages. Additionally, as Finkelstein also points out, these ideologies can look different on paper and in practice, which I think lends a hand to the readiness of people to conflate the terms with one another, as it can be difficult to identify the end game of a movement in the moment. I think that these features, in conjunction with the habitual nature of hate that you referenced, make it easy for people to conflate the two loaded terms.